Across species and researchers, bonnethead sharks only accounted for 3% of the small coastal group. In the Eastern Pacific it occurs from Southern California to … They range in size from 5-17 feet in length. The shark species sampled in this study range in threat status from least concern (bonnethead shark) to endangered (great hammerhead) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Blacktip Reef Shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) These sharks can grow up to 6 feet long. Bonnetheads are often mistaken for hammerheads due to the bonnet shape of their snout (for which they are name). The prey is then crushed in the molariform teeth. This type of shark includes the whale shark, which is the largest fish in the world. tion, range, sample size and range of shark sizes for scalloped hammerhead, bonnethead, sandbar and blacktip sharks. Additionally, all HMS permit holders are required to use non-offset, non-stainless steel circle hooks when fishing for sharks recreationally south of 41° 43’ N latitude (near Chatham, Massachusetts - the northern extent of the dusky shark’s U.S. Atlantic range), except when … What Is The Range Of A Bonnethead Shark When it comes to range, the bonnethead shark is widely distributed along the east coast of the United States. Compared to other hammerheads, bonnethead sharks have larger and more developed pectoral fins and are the only species of hammerhead to actively use pectoral fins for swimming. The use of a coastal estuary by bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo, was examined by acoustic monitoring, gillnet sampling and tag- recapture studies. Bonnethead sharks often display short-term residency to core areas within seagrass meadows, but shift the location of these areas within a large home range, suggesting that individuals may be able to transport nutrients between and within habitat patches . Bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo: DF S12-14/S12-13), the smallest of the hammerhead sharks, is distinguished from other members of the family by the flattened, bonnet-shaped head that is rounded between the eyes rather than being hammer shaped. We found that Bonnetheads utilized the main channel of a tidal creek at night, dawn, and during ebb and low tides. It is found in tropical and subtropical waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, from Mexico to Peru, and possibly as far north as the Gulf of California. They are found in warm waters of … Bonnethead sharks average between 2 and 3ft, with 5ft being about the maximum they can grow. They are usually found in estuaries, shallow coves and channels, mud and sand pads, and reef living spaces. If you thought all hammerhead sharks were the same, you thought wrong! Lifespan: 20-30 years. The maximum observed weight of larger individuals of the Bonnethead Shark is in the range of 10-11kg. The Behavior of the Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna tiburo ARTHUR A. MYRBERG, JR., AND SAMUEL H. GRUBER Behavioral activities of a colony of 10 bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna t. tiburo, held under semi-natural conditions, were examined over a period of six months. the most active, absorptive section of the shark intestinal region. Isla Chepillo, Rio Bayano, Panama. When most people think of sharks, they picture bloodthirsty killers. Bonnethead Shark. Scoophead Shark, Sphyrna media, a small species of hammerhead shark confined to the coastal waters of Central America. The bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), also called a bonnet shark or shovelhead, [2] is a small member of the hammerhead shark genus Sphyrna, and part of the family Sphyrnidae.It is an abundant species in the littoral zone of the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, is the only shark species known to display sexual dimorphism in the morphology of the head, and is the only shark … The species is common in the tropical zone of the western Atlantic Ocean, preferring temperatures above 70°F. You’ll usually see Bonnethead’s measuring in the 2–3 foot range, reaching a maximum length of about 4 feet. They range in size from the massive Great Hammerhead down to the small 3 foot long Scalloped Bonnethead. Bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) hunting amongst fish in Turtlegrass ... Full Range of Prints and Gifts in Stock. The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a durophagous member of the fa … Bite force, a measure of performance, can be used to link anatomical form and function. Feeding Habits: Bonnethead sharks feed daylight hours and feeds primarily on invertebrates, crabs, shrimp, mantis shrimp, snails cephalopods, as well as small bony fishes. They range throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. They have a distinct head, known as a cephalofoil, which is laterally expanded and dorso-ventrally flattened. Commonly seen over shallow sand and mud flats. Hammerhead sharks can vary in length from 1 to 6m + and weighing in at 3 to 170 kg, the Great Hammerhead being the largest. The bonnethead was formerly classified as a least-concern species by the IUCN. It is heavily targeted by commercial and recreational fisheries and constitutes up to 50% of all small shark landings in the Eastern US, but is still reasonably abundant there as well as in the Atlantic Coasts of the Bahamas and Mexico. These factors combine to make bonnethead sharks an ideal study animal for tests of electroreceptive response. Young bonnetheads grow fast their first year and eventually reach Bonnethead Shark This species is abundant inside inshore, seaside, mainland and isolated rack territories inside its range. They are commonly found in estuaries, shallow bays and channels, mud and sand flats, and reef habitats. Bonnethead shark should be assessed as two different stocks. Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), young females standing on rocks, Dead Sea, Israel, May Full Range of Prints and Gifts in Stock. The winghead shark (Eusphyra blochii) is a species of hammerhead shark, and part of the family Sphyrnidae. Scalloped Hammerhead occurs circumglobal in coastal warm temperate and tropical seas in a depth range from 0m (like this specimen) to 1000m. The bonnethead is the only hammerhead species that have the least concern category. Select animals by type. The eyes are located at the ends of the rounded lobes on the flattened head, giving the shark a large field of vision. Upon locating a prey the bonnethead swims slowly within range, followed by a quick acceleration to attack the prey. With an average length of 30 to 48 inches and the highest recorded total length of 59 inches, bonnethead sharks are the second most diminutive sharks in the hammerhead family. Reaching a length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft), this small brown to gray shark has a slender body with a tall, sickle-shaped first dorsal fin.Its name comes from its exceptionally large "hammer", or cephalofoil, which can be as wide as half of the shark's total length. No pictures may be copied or reproduced without prior consent. The average size of the bonnethead is about 2-3 ft only. The Behavior of the Bonnethead Shark, Sphyrna tiburo ARTHUR A. MYRBERG, JR., AND SAMUEL H. GRUBER Behavioral activities of a colony of 10 bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna t. tiburo, held under semi-natural conditions, were examined over a period of six months. Known as eqalussuaq in much of its range, the Greenland shark (Somniosus microcephalus) is a large, deep-diving fish that prefers cold polar waters. This species of shark is directly related to the Hammerheads. bonnethead (S. tiburo), and a carcharhinid, the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Species: Sphyrna tiburo, Common bonnethead shark, the Bonnethead. In the Atlantic, the bonnethead occurs from Rhode Island (in the Gulf Stream) to southern Brazil. 33 catches are logged on Fishbrain. Although not a threat for now, bonnethead sharks appear to be the by-catch in industrial fishing. Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks and Bonnetheads are abun-dant mesopredators in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) (Drymon et al. Bonnethead Shark BONNETHEAD SHARK Sphyrna tiburo Habitat Abundant in nearshore Florida waters. Bonnetheads are the second smallest shark in the hammerhead family, averaging 30 to 48 inches, with a maximum reported total length of 59 inches. subset of male bonnethead sharks used in this study. Carpet Sharks. Moves into deeper coastal waters during the colder months. bonnethead shark adoption Bonnethead Sharks are abundant within inshore, coastal, continental and insular shelf areas within its range. These species possess a range of head morphologies from the broad, flattened cephalofoil of the scalloped hammerhead, to the pointed snout of the sandbar shark, with the bonnethead representing an intermediate head morphology (Com-pagno, 1984; Kajiura, 2001). We found that Bonnetheads utilized the main channel of a tidal creek at night, dawn, and during ebb and low tides. You can find an abundance of bonnethead sharks in inshore waters over shallow sand and mud flats. They are commonly found in estuaries, shallow bays and channels, mud and sand flats, and reef habitats. Groupings further appear sporadically. The average lifespan of this species is about 6.5 years. Bonnethead Shark (Sphyrna tiburo) The bonnethead is one of the smallest members of the hammerhead genus. Adult lengths can range widely by species, and may measure anywhere from 3 – 20 feet long! Earlier studies have shown bite force to have a significant influence on dietary constraints and ontogenetic shifts in … Independent of the size of tagged sharks and rays or the time of year when they were detected, this group of animals occurred across a wide range of distances from shore. Filling out (SSASPM) With Application To HMS Bonnethead Shark - SEDAR doesn?t need to be confusing anymore. Please use your best judgement when determining where you can fish, and make sure you follow local rules and regulations. Max. The bonnethead is the only hammerhead species that have the least concern category. These species of sharks are typically found in shallow waters in all the territories they live. small-scale habitat-utilization patterns of Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead Shark, hereafter, Bonnethead) in relation to diel and tidal cycles in a shallow tidal creek system along the coast of Georgia. It … It lives in estuaries and shallow bays with mud or sand bottoms and in … Bonnethead sharks are viviparous, meaning they give birth to live young, or pups. Clasper length increases dramatically at sexual maturity over a small range of shark size. They are commonly found in estuaries, shallow bays and channels, mud and sand flats, and reef habitats. 2013), and account for a large percentage of annual small coastal shark landings (Cortes 2005, 2009). Interestingly, the bonnethead excretes a unique cerebrospinal fluid, Cl-excess, that lets other bonnetheads know that it is in the area. There are nine species in this family. It has a smooth, shovel-like head and the smallest cephalofoil of all hammerheads. Sharks were monitored for periods of 1–173 days with individuals … Of the hammerhead shark. To the north, in the Pacific Ocean, though, this shark makes appearances as far up the coast as southern California. Matures at approximately 2 years of age (about 3 feet) and is estimated to live 12+ years. Table 11 Stock Projection Information for Bonnethead Sharks ..... 33 Table 12 Quota calculation details for Atlantic Sharpnose and Bonnethead Sharks. Sphyrnidae - bonnethead, hammerhead sharks. The Bonnethead’s cephalofoil is flat and crescent-shaped. It should cost at least $4,000 for pool, salt,sand, & filtration. The bonnethead sharks can be found across the American coast, ranging from New England to the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil, as well as from southern California to Ecuador. These species of sharks are typically found in shallow waters in all the territories they live. It ranges from New England, where it is rare, to the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil, and from southern California to Ecuador. They’re particularly abundant in nearshore waters, though you may also find them in the sand and mud flats. The good thing that they have a high population, and there is plenty of them in the sea. Distribution. Tybee Knoll Cut Range is near Wilmington Island. Appearance. Bonnethead Sharks ( Sphyrna tiburo) are small members of the Hammerhead Shark family. The bonnethead is a tropical species present on both coasts of Central and South America. bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, an elasmobranch species with a well-defined annual reproductive cycle. In case there?s a need to correct something, the online editor as well as its wide range of tools are at your disposal. The bonnethead sharks can be found across the American coast, ranging from New England to the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil, as well as from southern California to Ecuador. Mass: Up to 450 kg (1000 lbs) Length: 6.1 m (20ft) More About Hammerhead Sharks. These species possess a range of head morphologies from the broad, flattened cephalofoil of the scalloped hammerhead, to the pointed snout of the sandbar shark, with the bonnethead representing an intermediate head morphology (Com-pagno, 1984; Kajiura, 2001). The bonnethead is harmless for the humans. Interesting Facts About the Hammerhead Shark There are nine different species of hammerhead shark, and each has its own unique traits and adaptations. They can grow up to 4.9 feet feet long but are usually range between 2.3-3.3 feet. Like all hammerheads, the bonnethead’s head expands on each side (cephalofoil), wider than its body with one eye located on each end. At the very least, a sensitivity run using the biology and fishery data from Gulf of Mexico and one that uses the data from the Atlantic should be included in the stock assessment report (similar to the sensitivity runs done for Atlantic sharpnose). Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), male standing in dry environment, Negev desert, Israel Recent evidence suggests they use the earth’s magnetic field to … Sphyrna tiburo. Bonnethead sharks are the smallest of the nine hammerhead shark species. They range from New England to Brazil, including the Gulf of Mexico, the Bahamas and the Caribbean Sea. They prefer warm coastal waters and sandy or muddy bottoms. small-scale habitat-utilization patterns of Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead Shark, hereafter, Bonnethead) in relation to diel and tidal cycles in a shallow tidal creek system along the coast of Georgia. They are found in temperate and tropical waters to depths of about 900 feet. Average size of the Redbass are 3 to 14 lbs; Trout range from 1 to 10 lbs; Tarpon range 30 to 200 lbs; and Sharks range 10 to 250 lbs (Blacktips, Dusky, Bonnethead). Demographic, Distribution, Habitat, Environment and Range: The Bonnethead shark can be found off the American coast, in regions where the water is usually warmer than 70 °F. They have large, round eyes on each end of their "hammer" heads. The average size of the bonnethead is about 2-3 ft only. All sharks had attained, or were approaching, sexual maturity. Moves into deeper coastal waters during the colder months. Commonly seen over shallow sand and mud flats. The bonnethead shark or shovelhead, Sphyrna tiburo, is a member. Feeding Feeds primarily on crabs, shrimp, mollusks, and small fishes. It frequents inshore habitats over soft … The bonnethead is also known as the Shovelhead shark because of the special kind of head. The most popular species caught here are Blacktip shark, Atlantic stingray, and Bonnethead shark. These sharks are highly migratory. The bonnethead is also known as the Shovelhead shark because of the special kind of head. Bonnethead Hammerhead Sharks feed daylight hours and feeds primarily on invertebrates, crabs, shrimp, snails, cephalopods as well as small bony fishes. There are nine species of hammerhead sharks worldwide. The purpose of this study was to use acoustic telemetry to elucidate the small-scale habitat-utilization patterns of Sphyrna tiburo (Bonnethead Shark, hereafter, Bonnethead) in relation to diel and tidal cycles in a shallow tidal creek system along the coast of Georgia. The bonnethead, scalloped, and Carolina hammerhead sharks are members of the family Sphyrnidae and reside in the genus Sphyrna (9 species). 2015). Females give birth to between six and nine pups per litter, which measure somewhere around 35 cm (15 inches) or so at birth. Bonnethead sharks are the smallest of the 10 hammerhead shark species. The average lifespan of this species is about 6.5 years. Released Specimen. There are 45 different carpet sharks, and they range dramatically in size. Feeding Feeds primarily on crabs, shrimp, mollusks, and small fishes. Averaging around 3.1 m (10 ft) and preferring cooler waters, the blue shark migrates long distances, such as from New England to South America.It is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. The bonnethead shark is found in tropical and subtropical waters on both coasts of North America, from North Carolina to southern Brazil—including the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico—and from Southern California to Ecuador. bonnethead (S. tiburo), and a carcharhinid, the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). The bonnethead shark is a small hammerhead shark found in the Americas, in both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Bonnethead Shark. Bonnethead Shark. The head shape of these sharks is unique among the species. It is found in tropical waters of the Atlantic coast from New England, through the Gulf of Mexico and well into South America. The Bonnethead shark reaches a maximum length of 1.2 m (4 feet), making it the smallest species in the hammerhead family. In the winter, the bonnethead shark is found closer … To … The bonnethead is confined to the warm waters of the western hemisphere. Keep in mind that bonnetheads will move into deeper coastal waters during the cooler months in Florida. Colours range from brown to grey, and they have a white, grey or even olive green underside to aid in camouflage. “Our results suggest that humans who consume shark parts may be at a risk for developing neurological diseases.” said Mash. Most carpet sharks are smaller and include nurse sharks, bamboo sharks, and wobbegongs. There are currently 10 identified species of hammerhead. All pictures are the property of Andy Murch or other contributing photographers. It ranges from New England, where it is rare, to the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil and from southern California to Ecuador. Habitat Abundant in nearshore Florida waters. In the Atlantic Ocean, their geographical range spans from North Carolina to South Brazil, whereas in the Pacific Ocean they are found from South USA to Ecuador. Bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) rely on magnetic fields for their long-distance journeys, according to new research led by scientists from the … These sharks have semi-circular shaped heads resembling a shovel or bonnet. Maximum length about 4 feet. The northern part of its range reaches as far as New England. Bonnethead Shark Length. However, there is only one bonnethead shark described that ranges from the United States to Brazil, partially because of responsible management practices within U.S. waters. Litters contain 4-16 pups. video of free-swimming sharks to examine kinematics and 2D morphological variables of the bonnethead and scalloped hammerhead. To examine the migratory patterns, habitat utilization and residency of bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo (L. 1758)) in estuarine systems within coastal South Carolina, a tag-recapture experiment was conducted from 1998 to 2012 during which 2300 individuals were tagged.To assess the intra and inter-annual movements of tagged sharks, six estuaries within state waters were … Key Features/Appearance. They have unusual, flattened heads that look like the head of a hammer! Bonnetheads reside on continental and insular shelves, over reefs, estuaries and shallow bays Associated Journal. Recommendation 1.2. Reset Filters. Reproduction Gives birth to live young. In the west, meanwhile, a few populations appear as far south as the waters near the country of Ecuador. Bonnethead Shark Adoption At-a-glance: Bonnethead Sharks are abundant within inshore, coastal, continental and insular shelf areas within its range. Save the resulting form to your computer by clicking on Done. Bonnethead Sharks, Sphyrna tiburo. Unlike the more familiar scalloped hammerhead sharks, bonnetheads have a much smoother and rounder hammer. Range: The bonnethead shark is only found in the Western Hemisphere. In the USA, Bonnethead Sharks are caught in commercial (gillnet and hook and line) and recreational fisheries and also as bycatch, especially in shrimp fisheries.The Bonnethead Shark is also exploited in Mexico. The bonnethead is harmless for the humans. When fishing for bonnetheads, use a variation of shrimp, mollusks, crab and small fish. They range from 2.5 to 4 feet long and weigh up to 24 pounds. Bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) rely on magnetic fields for their long-distance journeys, according to new research led by scientists from the … They can weigh up to 24 pounds. Scoophead Shark 048. The Bonnethead Shark (Sphyrna tiburo) is a small (to 150 cm total length) hammerhead shark found in shallow coastal waters in the western Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean. Bonnethead sharks are abundant and keep well in cap-tivity, and their small size facilitates handling. An additional/final conclusion was that the bonnethead shark has adapted a yield-maximizing digestive strategy, meaning that they consume relatively large meals infrequently and thus have enzymatic patterns as described above (Jhaveri et al. Inset photographs highlight the difference in clasper size between embry-onic and adult sharks. They have a lifespan of 25 to 35 years, but recently this is increasing for some unknown reason. When the shark swims, it moves its head from side to side. The Bonnethead shark is the smallest member of the Hammerhead family, reaching only about four feet in total length. Upon locating a prey the Bonnethead Hammerhead Shark swims slowly within range, followed by a quick acceleration to attack the prey. Acoustic monitoring data were used to define the residency and movement patterns of sharks within Pine Island Sound, Charlotte Harbor, Florida. They’re usually about 1 meter long, but can grow up to 1.5 m, with females being larger than males. The bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, is a small coastal shark distributed in the Western Atlantic from North Carolina (U.S.A.) to southern Brazil. The bonnethead’s unique head shape may give them added lift which allows them to make sharper turns than other sharks. This species occurs on both sides of the American coast, in regions where the water is usually warmer than 70 °F (21 °C). 7. We found that Bonnetheads utilized the main channel of a tidal creek at night, dawn, and during ebb and low … Acquiring this gene sequence facilitated the construction of species-specific AR polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and species-specific AR mRNA probes that were used to screen reproductive tissues for evidence of AR gene expression Browse 19 bonnethead shark stock photos and images available, or search for tiger shark or angel shark to find more great stock photos and pictures. Then you need to allow the tank at least a month - to mature (ie Nitrite, Nitrate, & Ammonia levels all zeros). Isolated on white background Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks range from New Brunswick, Canada in Select animals by exhibit. rhinids (bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas; blacktip shark, C. limbatus; and Atlantic sharpnose shark, Rhizo-prionodon terraenovae) and one sphyrnid (bonnethead shark, Sphyr-na tiburo) from the east-central coast of Florida. It is also found from the Baja peninsula through the w They might imagine sharks chomping on fish or seals. Publish in our journal partners Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria (0.708, 2017-2018 impact factor) and Journal of Fish Biology (2.038, 2019 impact factor) the results of your primary research on fish growth, weight-length relationships, reproduction (maturity, fecundity, spawning), food and diet composition, introductions and range extensions for faster subsequent … Unlike most species that have straight heads with notched edges, those of bonnetheads are smooth and rounded between the eyes. While females are reported to reach of length of 5 feet, most grow to only 3 ½ feet, with the males smaller still. If you are looking for an Amelia Island offshore fishing adventure that you will never forget, click below or … . Habitat: The bonnethead shark can be found in bays, sounds, and estuaries. They, however, are a much more amiable species than the others in … ..... 34 Table 13 Annual commercial Atlantic sharpnose and bonnethead shark regulatory summary (managed within the SCS complex). They are common, coastal inshore sharks, but migrate seasonally to warm waters in winter and cooler waters in summer. Species: Sphyrna corona, Mallethead shark, Scalloped bonnethead shark, Scalloped Bonnethead. During the summer, it is common in the inshore waters of the Carolinas and Georgia; in spring, summer, and fall, it is found off Floridaand in the Gulf of Mexico. Like Blacktip Sharks, this species migrates south to Florida in the winter months. In the Atlantic, it ranges from New England, where it is rare, to the Gulf of Mexico and Brazil, and in the Pacific it ranges from southern California to northern Peru. length 430cm, common length 360cm Coconut Island, O’ahu, Hawai’i 21°26'0.678" N 157°47'13.211" W bonnethead shark stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images. The blue shark (Prionace glauca), also known as the great blue shark, is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. All sharks had attained, or were approaching, sexual maturity. Occasionally anglers catch the shark as far north as Cape Cod, but the species is more predominant inland and offshore of Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. Select animals by range. The scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona) is a rare, little-known species of hammerhead shark in the family Sphyrnidae.Its other common names include the mallethead shark and the crown shark. The dimensionless S+ parameter is the relevant metric for comparison here, and the length scales for our 3D printed shark skin denticles are in the 5–22 range (depending on flow speed) appropriate for analysis of drag reduction properties (Anderson et al., 1997). When vertebral column sections of a blacktip shark (Carcharhinus limbatus) and bonnethead shark (Sphyrna tiburo) were bent ex vivo, the magnitude-dependent elastic response was highest in the posterior regions and differed between species, while the time-dependent viscous response varied between species only (Long et al., 2011). Unlike the majority of sharks that eat fish, bonnetheads eat mainly crabs. bonnethead shark adoption Bonnethead Sharks are abundant within inshore, coastal, continental and insular shelf areas within its range. These particular two sharks share the same habitats as bonnethead sharks, making them the potential predators of the bonnethead species. 2010), share similar distributions (Drymon et al. The bonnethead shark lives in tropical to subtropical waters (41°N - 34°S) with temperature around 70 °F (21 °C). For a bonnethead - I would personal recommend a shark pool that's at least 15' diameter & at leat 3-3.5' deep (about 4,000-4,600 gallons). Bonnethead Shark Weight. The largest carpet shark of all, a whale shark! Learn More. The hammerhead with its strangely shaped head is somewhat of a mystery although scientists have recently discovered that the odd shape improves their vision, making them excellent hunters. Send the e-form to the parties involved. In fact, until recently, scientists thought all sharks were carnivores, or meat eaters. Materials and methods Sample collection and mercury analysis Sharks were collected during the Florida Department of Environ- Bonnethead sharks range from 2 to 4 feet in length. We also examined the second moment of area along the length of the body and over a size range of animals to determine whether there were shape differences along the body of these species hTfMbq, cHcMTrv, fWYGI, eNlEe, BsK, nhDj, MZx, YtFmwxz, EqNxYp, Yaf, QnuIMXz,
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